Greenhouses are crucial in Uzbekistan's agricultural sector, ensuring food security and contributing to the country's export potential. However, the industry faces significant challenges due to an energy crisis, rising costs, and environmental concerns.
According to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in 2022, Uzbekistan had 3,228 registered industrial greenhouses, with 3,024 in operation. The average greenhouse size was 2.3 hectares, with 41% covering an area of more than 3 hectares. Greenhouses are classified into four categories based on size:
- Micro (0.35–1 ha) – 1,224 ha (23%)
- Small (1–3 ha) – 1,914 ha (36%)
- Medium (3–5 ha) – 776 ha (15%)
- Large (>5 ha) – 1,360 ha (26%)
The total registered greenhouse area in the country amounts to 6,349 hectares, with 5,274 hectares actively producing crops in 2022.
Uzbekistan's greenhouse sector is highly specialized, with tomatoes being the dominant crop, making up 66.4% of total greenhouse production. Other key crops include:
- Cucumbers – 20%
- Peppers – 3.7%
- Lemons – 3.7%
- Eggplants and leafy greens – Smaller shares of total production
The country ranks second in Central Asia for greenhouse tomato production but lags behind major global producers such as Spain, Turkey, China, and Russia. The lower yield per hectare in Uzbekistan is attributed to insufficient energy supply, poor ventilation, and extreme temperature fluctuations.
Heating is essential for greenhouses, especially in winter. Currently, 88% of greenhouses require heating, and in 2022, more than half relied on natural gas, while the rest used coal and fuel oil. Due to gas shortages, the Uzbek government has pushed for coal heating, leading to severe air pollution, particularly in Tashkent and surrounding areas.
Authorities argue that greenhouse operations account for just 1% of Uzbekistan's total gas consumption, yet many have been forced to switch to coal, used tires, and other environmentally harmful materials. This has led to worsening air quality and reduced light transmission in greenhouses, which directly impacts photosynthesis and crop yield.
To address energy issues, experts and business representatives in Tashkent have discussed transitioning to heat pump technology. Research by the EBRD suggests that heat pumps could meet 70–80% of greenhouse heating needs, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. A full transition could cut CO2 emissions by 45%, but the estimated cost of countrywide implementation is €1.44 billion.
Additional sustainable energy solutions include:
- Solar panels to supplement heating during the day
- Energy storage systems for nighttime use
- Improved insulation to reduce heat loss
However, the high initial costs, outdated infrastructure, and lack of awareness hinder the widespread adoption of these technologies.
In 2022, 40% of greenhouses in Uzbekistan were struggling with debt, unpaid taxes, and utility bills. To support the sector, the government extended loan repayment deadlines, but financial difficulties persist. Meanwhile, new regulations require greenhouses to settle outstanding gas payments and maintain backup heating sources.
Additionally, the Uzbek government is considering carbon quota markets to encourage businesses to lower emissions. However, the Senate rejected a draft law on greenhouse gas limitations in early 2025, citing unclear definitions and jurisdictional conflicts.
Despite the challenges, Uzbekistan's greenhouse sector remains vital to the country's economy. With 86% of production serving the domestic market and 14% exported, improving efficiency and sustainability is crucial for long-term success. The transition to cleaner energy sources, while complex, could ultimately lead to higher yields, reduced pollution, and a more competitive agricultural sector.
Source: www.gazeta.uz