How do plants space out their roots? A Japanese research team has identified a peptide and its receptor that help lateral roots to grow with the right spacing. The findings were published on December 20, 2018 in the online edition of Developmental Cell.
The team was led by Professor Hidehiro Fukaki (Graduate School of Science, Kobe University), Researcher Koichi Toyokura (currently JSPS Research Fellow at Osaka University) and Project Assistant Professor Tatsuaki Goh (currently Assistant Professor at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology) in collaboration with Professor Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi and Assistant Professor Hidefumi Shinohara (both from Nagoya University) and other researchers from the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Associated Professor Koichi Fujimoto (Osaka University) and Assistant Professor Yuki Kondo (the University of Tokyo).
Plant root systems are mainly shaped by the lateral roots that grow from tissue inside the existing roots. These roots form from “lateral root founder cells” that are positioned at regularly-spaced intervals at a distance from the meristem tissue (tissue responsible for growth). Previous studies using Arabidopsis plants showed that lateral root founder cells are made from sites where there is high response to the chemical auxin, and indicated that transcription factor LBD16 induced by auxin may inhibit the cells near lateral root founder cells from forming roots.
This time a joint research team, using plant model Arabidopsis, searched for the gene that is activated by transcription factor LBD16 and successfully identified the TOLS2 gene. The TOLS2 gene is mainly expressed in lateral root founder cells and root germs. In Arabidopsis plants that overexpress TOLS2, the number of lateral roots decreases (figure 1), indicating that the TOLS2 gene can inhibit the formation of lateral root founder cells. The team analyzed secretions from plants with overexpression of TOLS2 and revealed that the mature TOLS2 peptide is formed from 11 amino acids. When they artificially created mature TOLS2 peptide and added it to a wild-type Arabidopsis, the number of lateral root founder cells and lateral roots decreased (figure 2).
Figure 1: Overexpression of TOLS2 gene decreases the number of lateral root founder cells and later roots. A: Arabidopsis wild-type (left) and TOLS2 overexpression type (right). 10-day growth. Scale is 1 cm. B: The expression of DR5:LUC gene in the roots of Arabidopsis wild-type (left) and TOLS2 overexpressor (right). White arrows indicate lateral root founder cells. The scale is 1 cm.
Based on further investigation, the research team identified the receptor for TOLS2 as RLK7. RLK7 proteins express in the inner sheath of the roots (where the lateral root founder cells are located), the endodermis and the dermal layer, but RLK7 expression could not be found in the lateral root founder cells. It is likely that these proteins suppress the formation of lateral roots in cells adjacent to lateral root founder cells.
Figure 2: TOLS2 peptide decreases the number of lateral roots
Arabidopsis wild-type (Col) control specimen and two specimens raised in a culture including TOLS2 peptide (100 nM and 11 M strengths). 10-day growth. Scale is 1 cm.
Next, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, the team investigated how lateral roots form in other genetically-altered plant samples. Their results confirmed that the TOLS2 peptide and the RLK7 receptor are necessary to preserve the correct spacing between lateral root founder cells. From this analysis the research team proposed that Arabidopsis, by responding to auxin and inducing TOLS2 peptide in lateral root founder cells, through RLK7 receptors inhibits nearby lateral root founder cells in a non-cell-autonomous manner (figure 3).
Figure 3: Lateral inhibition of lateral founder cells by TOLS2 peptide and RLK7 receptor. (Left) Arabidopsis wild-type 9-day growth. (Center and right) The expression of lateral root founder cell marker the DR5 marker gene (DR5:Luciferase) in the root. White arrows show highly active DR5. At zero hours (center) the parts with active DR5 are drawing closer to each other, but roughly twelve hours later (right) DR5 active is becoming stronger in one part and weaker in the other. It is thought that TOLS2 peptide and RLK7 receptor work in this way to suppress lateral growth of lateral root founder cells.
Professor Fukaki comments: “If the mechanism for TOLS2 peptide-based inhibition of nearby lateral root founder cells is clarified in Arabidopsis, this will help us to understand root formation mechanisms in other plants such as crops and trees. And if other plants contain peptides that fulfil the same function as the TOLS2 peptide, we could potentially use this mechanism to artificially control root formation patterns for crops and trees.”
Source: Kobe University